Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.
Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.
Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.
Go to Blogger edit html and find these sentences.Now replace these sentences with your own descriptions.
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Hello, my name is Akmal. I am a student teacher. This means that I have finished all of my college classes and I am almost ready to become a full-time teacher. I am here so that I can practice what I've learned in my classes. I also want to learn from you about what works and what doesn't.
It's a must for the students in SMK 1 Batang to master the information technology since Global trend acquires this proficiency.Below are some links needed by the students:
Secretary is one of programs in SMK Negeri 1 Batang; a program which is mostly occupied by the girls. Here are some links that can be used as the reference materials for this program:
In year curriculum of 2009/2010, SMK N 1 Batang opened a new program; namely Banking. There are 40 new students in this new program; the classroom of this new department locates next to one of secretarial department. To download the materials relate to banking and finance, the student can visit this links below:
Cake by Anita now offers cakes for your office birthday party, retirement party or other special office functions. And remember, Anita can customize your cake with any message and designs that you like. Also available for our delicious coffee rolls and doughnuts for those early morning meeting; so call Anita from 6 a.m to 3 p.m. And don’t forget, we deliver. Visit cluwukian.blogspot.com
GLOBAL WARMING
by Nur Nasiyati, XI AK2
Global warming was become more serious after Asian Tsunami occurred. for example, in some parts of Indonesia, Ceylon, and India; there were more than 300,000 people killed. There is no reason for us not to concern with it. The global warming will not only make summer hotter and hotter but it will also cause rain, more flood, higher sea level and more unpredictable weather. Greenhouses gases processed from releasing the carbon into the air then mixes the oxygen.Take an important role in stimulating global warming. Carbon dioxidentraps the heat from the sun, so that it keeps the earth warm. Modern living, like modern agriculture and industry produce more carbon. Meanwhile, the higher of carbon released into the air means more heat trapped on earth. Today, the level of carbon dioxide is the highest for half million years. So, what can we do to save our beloved planet? Plant trees Plant trees or grow at the garden. Plants turn carbon dioxide into oxygen we need to breathe. Trees also help keep the soil from the erosion and give animals like bird, butterflies, and squirrels a place to live. Save electricity Turn off the lights when you leave the room, turn off the computer, radio and TV when you do not use it. Recycling Recycle bottles, cans, plastic bags, or newspaper into the useful items, it can reduce the amount of trash. Ride your bike When you don't have far to go, try riding your bike or have a walk instead of using a car or motorcycle. It will help to save energy. Reduce the amount of air pollution and you'll keep healthy and fit too. Try these tips to protect the environment around you. Remind your friends and your family to do these things too. Let's save our planet.
Global Warming and its Solution
Global warming may or may not be a problem. Man may or may not be driving it. Given the uncertainties, a significant amount of global regret may apply if we divert too much of our global wealth to solving what may be a non-existent or trivial problem, especially if that diversion mires billions in poverty. On the other hand, we may also regret not doing anything if man-made global warming does turn out to be a problem. It is therefore prudent to examine what steps we can take that would prove beneficial whether or not anthropogenic global warming turns out to be a problem. These steps can be termed “no regrets” policies.
What makes a No Regrets Global Warming Policy? A global warming policy can be termed “no regrets” as long as it:
Reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, or
Mitigates, prevents or reduces a harm associated with global warming, or
Provides greater capacity for dealing with problems associated with global warming
Without imposing significant cost or diverting economic activity.
Top Five “No Regrets” Policies
1.) Eliminate all subsidies to fuel use.
Subsidies to energy R&D cost taxpayers millions of dollars while producing minimal benefits. While these programs may be relatively small given the size of domestic energy markets, they serve little, if any, useful purpose while subsidizing large corporations at taxpayer expense. The potential threat of global warming, whether it is real or not, is simply one more reason to eliminate these subsidy programs. An international agreement aimed at ending energy subsidy with binding targets would be a significant victory for emissions reduction. Unlike Kyoto, which forces an energy starvation diet on its participants, such a treaty would be a move to combat energy obesity.
2.) Repeal the Federal Flood Insurance Program.
Much of the concern over global warming’s potential for harm in the US relates to sea level rise and the flooding that will result. However, much of the investment in potentially vulnerable areas is a result of the Federal flood Insurance Program. This program encourages building in vulnerable areas by acting as a moral hazard: people take greater risks because the government has said it will help bear that risk. Reform would reduce the moral hazard connected with building on vulnerable land, transferring the risk from the taxpayer to the private sector, which is likely to take a more realistic view of the issue.
3.) Reform Air Traffic Control Systems.
Greater demand for air travel means more flights, which means greater fuel use and increased emissions. Yet, the current government-operated system of air traffic control, based on a 1920s-era system of beacons, may hinder innovations that could reduce fuel use and emissions. As a general rule, the shorter the flight, the less fuel will be consumed. Yet neither airlines nor pilots have the freedom to choose the most direct and economical route. Giving pilots freedom to map their own course is an attractive and desirable change in the eyes of the industry, and the impact on the environment would be tremendous. As well as saving considerable amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, the policy will deliver significant benefits in terms of time and expense to the US economy. By obviating significant reductions in service levels associated with more routine applications of emissions reduction policy, it is to be preferred to that approach.
4.) Facilitate Electricity Competition.
By rejecting the model of central regulation and allowing suppliers to meet their customers’ needs more exactly while relying on distributed generation, energy waste and the associated emissions will reduce considerably. This reduction in waste will prove economically beneficial even if emissions themselves do not cause problems.
5.) Reduce Regulatory Barriers to New Nuclear Build.
There is no other technology than nuclear that is proven to be capable of providing emissions-free energy at the scale required to make significant reductions in carbon emissions. The problem is that thanks to anti-nuclear activism by environmentalists in the 1970s, it takes a very long time to build a nuclear plant. This pushes development and construction costs up to the level where it is not economically competitive with higher-emitting forms of electricity generation like coal and natural gas. According to the nuclear energy institute, it takes 10 years from concept to operation to build a nuclear plant, and only four of those are construction, the rest is permit application development (2 years) and decision-making by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (4 years).
Sometimes most of us understand that death is the end of all human beings’ period. Death is the last life. An event that indicates no life after this. Why do they see it like that? Most people see that death is the end of everything because they always think of everything materially. A man is only a body, blood, skeleton, brain sensory, and set of another organ. All the things will finish when the man dies. He can not see, hear, think, feel and move. And, it is called the end of the life for the man. An educated and faithful man understands a man as a body and spirit. The corpse will rotten but the spirit will be alive forever till the day which has beginnings but no endings, For Allah, to recreate a body from the dust is as easy as to create a man from the clot of blood. death is only a door of the next lives like previous life; in the womb of the mother, when you are a spirit when you are in the cloth of blood when you are flesh of four-month baby in the mothers’ womb. Think about it… So, is this such a big tragedy for those who fight in the path of Allah, and then he is killed in a struggle? Allah will promise him with the bounty of whatever he likes in the world; an everlasting and never-ending paradise with all facilities after his martyrdom
The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Arabic: الجهاد الإسلامي المصري ) (EIJ), formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي and Liberation Army for Holy Sites[1] ) originally referred to as "al-Jihad," and then "the Jihad Group", or "the Jihad Organization",[2] is an Egyptian Islamist group active since the late 1970s with origins in the Muslim Brotherhood. It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as an affiliate of al-Qaeda.[3] It is also banned by several individual governments including that of The Russian Federation.[4] Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri. The organization's original primary goal was to overthrow the Egyptian Government and replace it with an Islamic state. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel interests in Egypt and abroad. EIJ has suffered setbacks as a result of numerous arrests of operatives worldwide, most recently in Lebanon and Yemen.[citation needed] In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into "Qaeda al-Jihad."[5] Al-Jihad or "Tanzim al-Jihad" was formed in 1980 from the merger of two clusters of Islamist groups: a Cairo branch, under Mohammad Abd al-Salam Faraj, and a Saidi (Upper Egypt) branch under Karam Zuhdi.[6] Farj used to deliver Friday sermons in a private mosque that had been built by his in-laws. During the ensuing discussions with his listeners, he managed to convince some to join in a clandestine organization to eventually wage violent jihad. ... The Cairo branch was composed of five or six groups, loosely connected and each with its own emir (one of whom was Ayman al-Zawahiri). They had autonomy but met weekly to work out a general strategy. ..."[6] On October 6, 1981, it carried out the assassination of Anwar Sadat. After the assassination, the Egyptian government succeeded in rounding up the membership of Tanzim al-Jihad, but "was rather lenient in the ensuing trial. Only the four direct perpetrators and the Cairo leader Faraj were condemned to death." In prison, the Cairenes and Saidis reverted into two factions, the Cairo militants later becoming the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and the Saidis later forming the al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya or Egyptian Islamic Group. The leader of the Cairo militants was Abud Zumour, "a onetime army intelligence officer serving a life sentence for his part in the plot to kill Sadat." This faction, the Islamic Jihad, "was small and tightly disciplined. ... Among it members was a 30-year-old Cairo physician named Ayman Zawahiri ...[7] Most of the middle-rank members were discharged from prison after only three years and fled to Pakistan and Afghanistan to help the mujahideen there and escape persecution at home.[8] Pakistan and Afghanistan In the mid-1980s, in Peshawar Pakistan, the militants reconstituted themselves as the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, "with very loose ties to their nominal imprisoned leader, Abud al-Zumur." A physician by the name of Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif or "Dr. Fadl" was head of EIJ for some time,[9] although eventually Ayman al-Zawahiri, "whose leadership style was autocratic," would take over. During this time EIJ became more extreme, with for example, Dr. Fadl emphasizing the importance of takfir and execution of apostates, which he argued should include those who registered to vote, since this was a violation of God's sovereignty over governance.[10] It was also at this time that some saw "the Egyptians" of the EIJ begin to exert an influence on Osama bin Laden, who at the time was known as a wealthy and well-connected fundraiser for the jihad in Afghanistan. Egyptian filmmaker Essam Deraz, "bin Laden's first biographer," met bin Laden in the "Lion's Den" training camp in Afghanistan and complained that the Egyptians "formed a barrier" around bin Laden and "whenever he tried to speak confidentially to bin Laden, the Egyptians would surround the Saudi and drag him into another room."[11] One of those who complained of being elbowed aside[12] was a former mentor of bin Laden Abdullah Azzam, the original exponent and organizer of global jihad on behalf of the Afghan mujahideen.[13] In 1991, EIJ broke with al-Zumur and al-Zawahiri took control of the leadership. At this point, Marc Sageman (a former foreign service officer who was based in Islamabad from 1987 to 1989), says "the EIJ became a free-floating network without any real ties to its original society or to its surrounding society."[14] Sudan Al-Jihad (EIJ) had a blind-cell structure, meaning members in one group did not know the identities or activities of those in another, so that if one member were captured they would not be able to endanger the whole organization. However, Egyptian authorities captured the membership director of EIJ, the one member who had all the other members names. The database in his computer listed every member's address, aliases, and potential hideouts. Al-Jihad leader al-Zawahiri bitterly lamented "the government newspapers" elation over “the arrest of 800 members of the al-Jihad group without a single shot being fired."[15] In August 1993 Al-Jihad attempted to kill the Egyptian Interior Minister, Hasan al-Alfi. who was leading a crackdown on Islamic militants and their terror campaign. A bomb-laden motorcycle exploded next to the minister's car, killing the bomber and his accomplice," but not the minister. The attacked marked the first time Sunni Islamists had made use of suicide in terrorism, a technique made famous by Shia Hezbollah in Lebanon. It is "likely that the notion of suicide bombing" was inspired by Hezbollah as EIJ head Ayman Zawahir had been to Iran to raise money, and had sent his talented underling Ali Mohamed, "among others, to Lebanon to train with Hezbollah".[16] A few months later in November Al-Jihad made another bombing attempted, this time to kill Egypt's prime minister, Atef Sidqi. The car bomb exploded close to a girls' school in Cairo as the minister was driven past. The minister, protected by his armored car, was unhurt, but the explosion injured 21 people and killed a young schoolgirl, Shayma Abdel-Halim. Unfortunately for al-Jihad this bombing was preceded by two years of terror by a larger terror group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya that had killed 240, and the patience of the Egyptian public had run short. "Little Shayma's death captured people's emotions as nothing else had" and "when her coffin was borne through the streets of Cairo, people cried, `Terrorism is the enemy of God!`" A harsh police crackdown followed and 280 EIJ member were arrested, with 6 eventually given a death sentence.[17] EIJ's longtime association with al-Qaeda became closer at this time when "most" of its members were reported to have gone "on the al-Qaeda payroll." EIJ leader hoped this would be a temporary measure but later confided to one of this chief assistants that joining with bin Laden had been `the only solution to keeping the Jihad organization abroad alive.`"[18] Mubarak assassination attempt In June 1995 another failed assassination attempt caused yet a greater setback. Operating from its exile base in Sudan, EIJ joined forces with the Egyptian al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and Sudanese intelligence[19] in an attempt to kill Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak while he was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity. The leader of the plot was "Mustafa Hamza, a senior Egyptian member of the Al-Qaeda and commander to the military branch of the Islamic Group." The plotters had been planning the attack for more than a year and even married local women in Ethiopia. They received assistance from Sudanese intelligence services, which smuggled weapons into their embassy in Ethiopia.[20][21] Their hope was to decapitate the Egyptian government thereby eliminating the "iron grip" of the state security services, and creating a power vacuum which Islamists could then fill. Unfortunately for this plan, the attack was foiled by a malfunctioning grenade launcher and Mubarak’s bulletproof limousine. Expulsion from Sudan Back in Egypt, Mubarak launched a ruthless campaign to crush anyone involved in Islamist terrorism,[21] but in Sudan, the EIJ had even worse troubles. It had enraged the Sudanese intelligence service by executing two sons of senior EIJ members on Sudanese soil after promising not to. The boys, Ahmed, the son of Mohammed Sharraf, and Mus'ab, son of Abu al-Faraj, had been drugged and blackmailed by the Egyptian intelligence service and were collaborating with them. Sudanese intelligence service captured them and allowed EIJ to interrogate them. The boys immediately confessed, were found guilty of "sodomy, treason, and attempted murder," and sentenced to death under "Sharia law". Al-Zawahiri ordered their execution by firing squad and distributed videotapes of it. When the Sudanese found out about the executions in its jurisdiction, al-Zawahiri and the rest of EIJ were ordered to leave Sudan.[20] It was a devastating blow to the group. "In Zawahiri's hands, al-Jihad had splintered into angry and homeless gangs."[22] Bin Laden was also weakened by this failed operation. The core of his al-Qaeda group was made up of members of Islamic Jihad. Because of Sudan's collaboration in the plot, the United Nations voted to impose sanctions on the country.[23] To rehabilitate itself in the international community, the Sudanese government pressured bin Laden to leave the country.[24][20] Bin Laden and many EIJ returned to war-torn Afghanistan having lost many members and almost all of bin Laden's assets.[25] The November 19, 1995 bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad served as a prototype for future attacks by its sister organization al-Qaeda, such as the 1998 bombings of American embassies in Africa. Afghanistan According journalist Lawrence Wright, according to testimony given at the trial of the Albanian cell members in the late 1990s or early 00's, EIJ membership had dwindled to 40 members outside Egypt, and none at all inside the country where "the movement had been eradicated".[26] In Afghanistan Zawahiri wrote the 1998 fatwa for the "International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," calling for the killing of Americans and their allies, both civilian and military, which was signed by representatives of several jihadi organizations, including EIJ.[27] Dissent among EIJ members to this change of direction and abandonment of the taking over Egypt as the group's primary goal, was so strong that "in the end, Zawahiri pledged to resign if the members failed to endorse his actions. The organization was in such disarray because of arrests and defections, and so close to bankruptcy, that the only choice was to follow Zawahiri or abandon al-Jihad." One of those who did abandon al-Jihad was Zawahiri's own brother Muhammed, the military commander of EIJ.[28] Merger with al-Qaeda In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad merged into an entity formally called jamaat Qa'idat al-Jihad,[5] with the leadership of EIJ "comprises the majority" - six of nine seats - "of al Qaeda's ruling council (shura)."[29][30] Consequently it often considered synonymous with Al-Qaeda, (for example by the U.S. Treasury Department),[31] although some refer to it as a separate organization with al-Zawahiri as its leader and global jihad's main ideologist.[32] Activities The organization specializes in armed attacks against high-level Egyptian Government personnel, including cabinet ministers, and car-bombings against official US and Egyptian facilities. The original Jihad was responsible for the attempted assassinations of Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi in August 1993 and Prime Minister Atef Sedky in November 1993. Egyptian Jihad and rival armed group launched a wave of violence against Egypt's secular government in 1992, a campaign they only abandoned at the end of the decade. Nearly 1300 people died in the unrest, including policemen and government officials. It is responsible for the Egyptian Embassy bombing in Islamabad, Pakistan in 1995. In 1998 a planned attack against the US Embassy in Albania was thwarted by a roundup of suspects who are now called the Returnees from Albania. Leadership Al-Sharif passed the Jihad leadership to Ayman al-Zawahri amid dissent within the movement in the mid 1980's. The al-Zawahri faction subsequently formed an alliance with Al-Qaeda leading over time to the effective merger of the two groups operations inside Afghanistan. Although al-Zawahri is frequently referred to as a 'lieutenant' or 'second in command' of Al Qaeda this description is misleading as it implies a hierarchical relationship. The modern Al Qaeda organization is the combination of Bin Laden's financial resources with al-Zawahri's ideological and operational leadership. Despite the effective merger of al-Zawahri and Bin Laden's groups in the Afghanistan area of operations there is evidence that suggests that at least part of the Islamic Jihad group continuing to operate in Egypt remains independent of Bin Laden's organization and reports to al-Zawahri personally.[citation needed] External Aid The extent of its aid from outside of Egypt is not known. The Egyptian Government claims that both Iran and Osama bin Laden support the Islamic Jihad. It also may obtain some funding through various Islamic nongovernmental organizations, cover businesses, and criminal acts.[citation needed] Iraq March 1993 agreed to renew relations with the Islamic Jihad Organization in Egypt.[33]
