Noun Clauses

Noun Clauses A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples: noun I know Latin. noun clause I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object. In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions: noun Their destination is unknown. noun clause Where they are going is unknown. The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is." Here are some more examples of noun clauses: about what you bought at the mall This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what?" Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it. This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?" The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again. This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?" Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples: Adjective the red coat Adjective clause the coat which I bought yesterday Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before. In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing: informal The books people read were mainly religious. formal The books that people read were mainly religious. informal Some firefighters never meet the people they save. formal Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save. Here are some more examples of adjective clauses: the meat which they ate was tainted This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?". about the movie which made him cry This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?". they are searching for the one who borrowed the book The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?". Did I tell you about the author whom I met? The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?". Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example: adverb The premier gave a speech here. adverb clause The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking. Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence: independent clause they left the locker room dependent adverb clause after they left the locker room The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition: cause Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father. The adverb clause answers the question "why?". effect Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged. The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?". time After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him. The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence. place Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt. The adverb clause answers the question "where?". condition If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union. The adverb clause answers the question "under what conditions?" See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause. A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence. A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.) There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.) This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses. A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do: A noun clause can be a subject of a verb: What Billy did shocked his friends. A noun clause can be an object of a verb: Billy's friends didn't know that he couldn't swim. A noun clause can be a subject complement: Billy's mistake was that he refused to take lessons. A noun clause can be an object of a preposition: Mary is not responsible for what Billy did. A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement: Everybody is sad that Billy drowned. B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause: To change a statement to a noun clause use that: I know + Billy made a mistake = I know that Billy made a mistake. To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether: George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? = George wonders if Fred knows how to cook. To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word: I don't know + Where is George? = I don't know where George is. C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers: that if, whether Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence: correct: Billy's friends didn't know that he couldn't swim. correct: Billy's friends didn't know he couldn't swim. correct: Billy's mistake was that he refused to take lessons. correct: Billy's mistake was he refused to take lessons. correct: That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. not correct: * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question: not correct: * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it) correct: Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is) not correct: * Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go) correct: Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went) F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses: When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is: future if its action/state is later He thinks that the exam next week will be hard. He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard. present if its action/state is at the same time He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now. past if its action/state is earlier He thinks that George took the exam yesterday. When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is: was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard. He thought that the exam the following week would be hard. past if its action/state is at the same time He thought that Mary was taking the exam then. past perfect if its action/state is earlier He thought that George had taken the exam the day before. If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past. The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday. If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past. We learned that English is not easy. The boys knew that the sun rises in the east. G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause: Noun clauses as subjects of verbs: That George learned how to swim is a miracle. Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain. What Mary said confused her parents. However you learn to spell is OK with me. Noun clauses as objects of verbs: We didn't know that Billy would jump. We didn't know Billy would jump. Can you tell me if Fred is here? I don't know where he is. George eats whatever is on his plate. Noun clauses as subject complements: The truth is that Billy was not very smart. The truth is Billy was not very smart. The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. The winner will be whoever runs fastest. Noun clauses as objects of prepositions: Billy didn't listen to what Mary said. He wants to learn about whatever is interesting. Noun clauses as adjective complements: He is happy that he is learning English. We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

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English easy? Why not!

Actually, when a learner has an inner motive; such "I like it", then learning process will run smoothly.Many problems coming outside will be solved and managed by his/her inner motive. A teacher who makes hi/her bored, a class makes annoyed and the classroom makes unpleasant won't be the problems in learning if she/he is fond of learning the material; e.i English. So the problem is how we can encourage our inner motive to come out. It's something common if we have a feeling 'like and dislike'; our task is how to like something we dislike because of its advantages

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Traffic signs and symbols

Take a look these traffic signs below and explain in your words the meaning!
USA Traffic Signs
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Speaking Section

A.Speech By SMK N 1 BATANG 2004 Good morning, Your Excellency Mr. And Mrs. Examiners (Jurists), entire the speech and debate contestants, and all the distinguished guests. Thanks to the examiners who give a chance to give my speech in front of you. Ladies and gentlemen, in this occasion I will speak about how to overcome the juvenile delinquency as my topic of speech. As we understand that young people we sometimes call teenagers are periods when they try to find out their identity. So that, in this period, a young men and women is looking for what she or he will be, wants to be, and dreams of. She or he is in trial and error period. We can imagine that that a young boy is looking for something he does not understand much. Of course, he will find some failures anytime. Think of also! A young girl who tries to influence her idol, perhaps a well known actress, while she does not know who she is, of course, will get a disappointment then. A young boy and girl who dream of something but their dreams never come true; hence he will get frustrated easily. From this typical period; ladies and gentlemen, we can guess what the teenagers who are emotional, very green in experience and norm or religious values, will do. They, indeed, will run to something bad and wrong both in the point of view of religious and social values. Smoking, drinking drug, and uncontrolled interaction, such as, join the bad gangs, etc. will be easily done by these frustrated young men and women; especially by the teenagers. Consequently, many teenagers do bad and wrong activities; like, playing truant, stealing their friend’s money, fighting among the gangs from the same school or different school gangs, speeding by their motorcycles on the road etc. Those bad conduct and activity are some of juvenile delinquency, or teenager crime. Ladies and gentlemen, we can imagine that our country will be …if our next generation is in such bad condition that our generation becomes weaker and weaker, more stupid, lazier. Consequently, our country will loose the good human resource. It means, our country will becomes worse and worse. So that, ladies and gentlemen, we should think of the best solution for this juvenile delinquency; otherwise we will find our next generation are a generation that does not competitive with other generation in the world. Of course, we do not want to see that our generation will underdog in the global competition. We do not want to see that or generations are smokers, drug drinkers, and troublemakers on this world. Ladies and gentlemen, we should make a great effort to solve these problems. And the best solution for those problems is a much better religious and social value education. With this solution, we will overcome the social problems in general; and particularly juvenile delinquency in the society. Ladies and gentlemen, I think that’s all; the better religious and social values education should be carried out; other wise we will loose our good generation in the future. And this is the end of my speech, thanks. B.Debate National Examination is still needed Affirmative: A1: National exam is such exam done by the school nationally. It means this last test determining the final result of teaching and learning process for the students in the last year in a certain school; such as, College, etc. As the test is very carried out integrally, this test is very effective to measure the students’ ability objectively. Consequently, the result of test tends to be used as a standard of measurement. A2: As we know, our government is building the national program for the education on the basis of global standard. So that, we can think of it! How powerful, important the national exam is since the test will be same in their difficulty, easiness, and complexity. A3: As the national exam is a kind of standard test, the students in our country will have the national capability and ability. In addition, national exam is a national standard of measurement for the students in our country to compete objectively. Negative N1: In my opinion, as national exam is done nationally, integrally, it will bring many difficulties in procedures and fees. We can imagine how complex is the problem should be done by our government to prepare that kind of test. It means our government will be busier to face that national test. N2: Well! Everybody, as the national exam is done in the same time, difficulty; this test sometimes can not measure the students’ ability accurately, since the preparation needs more times, more attention. N3: And the last! How can this national exam measure accurately if the students’ ability is different from other students in different regions? A clever student in a certain region will be considered an average one in another region. Western Culture is a threat for Indonesian society A1: Western culture is a culture coming from the western countries, especially American-English countries. This culture usually refers to a bad culture in the point of view of eastern society. It means, the culture from western countries is considered bad, negative, or not suitable in eastern countries, such as in Indonesia. A2: Everybody! We can watch western films in TV, how dangerous are the western culture for our society. Free sex, violence, and other irreligious conducts are often seen in western films. So that, it will influence our society; well known as a familiar, civilized, and religious society. A3: And the result? We can observe our society; our young generation nowadays. They wear, live, and dream of like what the western young generation does. Hence, the western culture is a threat for our society, because of its bad impacts. Negative N1: Western culture, in our opinion, does not always bring bad, negative, wrong and useless things. Many aspects of western culture also bring positive effects toward our society. Their science, technology and knowledge will help our society to develop. N2: Beside that! We can imagine ‘can a country develop from their own culture with out the influence of other culture?” Ok! We may live in peace; But, can our country live isolatedly in this global age? I think it’s such an impossibility…ridiculous thing to live without other culture’s influence. N3: And the last but not finished! The western culture is not a threat for our society; if …our people are clever enough to accept it. A threat or support the western culture will be. It depends on the way we see, accept and use. If we see only the wrong, bad, and useless aspect of the western culture, of course, we’ll find out that western culture is bad, wrong and useless; but if we see it as the positive, good, and useful aspect; we’ll get many advantage from the western culture. All depends on us. TV Program is NOT good for Student Affirmative A1: Well, everybody! TV program is a program managed by TV crew for TV. TV program is usually arranged timely, like a schedule or timetable of our lessons. It can be entertainment, science, education, or culture. A2: My brother and sisters! If we observe the TV program nowadays, we can see that TV program is mostly entertainment. They can be quiz, film, telenovela, and music, as the like. And we know, the school age children, for example, mostly see film. It means most students almost watch TV daily. We can imagine what will happen if the students spend their times for film daily. They will be lazy to study; even they have no time for study since their times are for the serial films they like most. A3: And, consequently; as we know most films often offer a life style; such as free sex, violence and profane life style; a life style which thinks just worldly life; the easy going life style. That bad impact, of course, will influence the student’s life style. That’s all… Negative N1: Well, guys! We admit that most TV program is entertainment. And everybody, including student, enjoys the entertainment. But, there are also other good aspects from TV program, such as; knowledge, science, education, culture and technology. N2: And in addition, it is not wrong for students to have entertainment for relax, such as film, tele novela, etc. The important thing is how we can choose which is the bad or wrong, not suitable for students. Furthermore, clever students, of course, will not spend their times for films since they can see which is bad or wrong. N3: And the last! Let’s think what will happen if there is not TV in the world; or students are allowed to watch TV. The students need many knowledge, science and information. With TV program, the students can improve their knowledge, information and skill. That’s all, thanks. All were created for Speech and Debate Contest in 2004/2005

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Grammar

[links] Question Tags - Study and Practice Question Tags are commonly used in English for 2 main functions: 1) To get someone involved in a conversation, to encourage a response With this type of question tag, the speaker may often know the answer. Intonation tends to rise slightly and then fall at the end of the tag. Example: That barman was a bit rude, wasn't he? (falling intonation) 2) To confirm information that you think is true With this type of question tag, the speaker expects the listener to know the answer and is asking a genuine question. Intonation tends to rise sharply at the end of the tag. Example: I switched off the iron before we came out, didn't I? (rising intonation) How to Form Question Tags Although other forms of tag, such as reinforcement tags, same-way tags and attention signals exist in English, most question tags follow the following logic: Positive statements Say a positive statement, repeat the auxiliary verb in the negative, add the subject: He's absolutely crazy, isn't he? Negative statements Say a negative statement, repeat the auxiliary verb in the positive, add the subject: He isn't crazy, is he? Exceptions There are many! Note the following: Let's go out, shall we? (use shall after let's) I'm older than you, aren't I? (use aren't after I'm) Sign here, please, will/would you? (use will/would after imperatives) Final Note In many forms of spoken British English, a universal tag is sometimes preferred to all the above complications: Examples: He lives here, innit? pronounced /init/ We didn't have enough money to get in, innit? etc. This is considered slang and incorrect by other speakers, and is rarely accepted in exams! Grammar Notes by Jason Anderson (c) 2003. Exercise 1 Insert a Tag Complete each question or statement with an appropriate tag. All the tags used in these examples are inverted. Examples: He's absolutely crazy, isn't he? Positive statement, negative tag He isn't crazy, is he? Negative statement, positive tag 1. You're Russian, ___________? 2. The capital of Mongolia is Ulan Bator, _________? 3. You've done a lot of travelling, ___________? 4. You speak Farsi, _________? 5. Let's play a trick on him, _________? 6. Oh, shut up, _________! 7. You wouldn't hurt me, ___________? 8. Don't be too upset about it, ________? 9. Let's go to the pub tonight, _________? 10. You couldn't lend me a fiver, __________? 11. There'll be lots to see in Sicily, __________? 12. You can't smoke at 'Rose of York', __________? 13. Say something to me in Greek, _________? 14. There isn't any smog in the Highlands of Scotland, ________? 15. Your father works in Canada, ___________? 16. You met your husband in Canada, __________? 17. Help me with these bags, _________? 18. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-Upon-Avon, _________? 19. You haven't broken that as well, __________? 20. There aren't any theatres in Saudi Arabia, __________? 21. Sit down a moment, ________? 22. Look after this for a moment, _________? 23. You couldn't help me with my homework, __________? 24. There won't be too many people at the party, __________? 25. She looks really great, __________? 26. Your father doesn't drink whisky, _________? 27. You haven't got a dog, ________? 28. I'm a teacher, ___________? 29. There isn't any soccer violence in your country, __________? 30. He's got a very peculiar voice, __________? 31. Oh, shut the door, _________? 32. Soho isn't a very nice area, ________? 33. You haven't got a pen by any chance, _________? 34. Let's take a break, _________? 35.You don't like football, ________? 36. They're not exactly slim, _________? 37. Your brother can't drive, _________? 38. She's never loved her parents, ________? 39. It's extremely cold in Siberia in the winter, ________? 40. She's going to have a baby soon, ________? 41. Let's meet at 8, ________? 42. Some people are really crazy, _________? 43. We're going to Bournemouth on Saturday, _________? 44. You'd like to win a fortune on the lottery, __________? 45. You've been working late again, ____________? 46. The night bus service is very convenient, ________? 47. I've been teaching for sixteen years, __________? 48. You must be careful when you go to Rio de Janeiro, __________? 49. It's been raining for days now, _________? 50. I'm always right, _________? Answers Please Note: This lesson was created and is owned by J. Morley (c) 2003. Back to Learning Index Answers 1. You're Russian, aren't you? 2. The capital of Mongolia is Ulan Bator, isn't it? 3. You've done a lot of travelling, haven't you? 4. You speak Farsi, don't you? 5. Let's play a trick on him, shall we? 6. Oh, shut up, will you! 7. You wouldn't hurt me, would you? 8. Don't be too upset about it, will you? 9. Let's go to the pub tonight, shall we? 10. You couldn't lend me a fiver, could you? 11. There'll be lots to see in Sicily, won't there? 12. You can't smoke at 'Rose of York', can you? 13. Say something to me in Greek, will/would you? 14. There isn't any smog in the Highlands of Scotland, is there? 15. Your father works in Canada, doesn't he? 16. You met your husband in Canada, didn't you? 17. Help me with these bags, will/would you? 18. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-Upon-Avon, wasn't he? 19. You haven't broken that as well, have you? 20. There aren't any theatres in Saudi Arabia, are there? 21. Sit down a moment, will/would you? 22. Look after this for a moment, will/would you? 23. You couldn't help me with my homework, could you? 24. There won't be too many people at the party, will there? 25. She looks really great, doesn't she? 26. Your father doesn't drink whisky, does he? 27. You haven't got a dog, have you? 28. I'm a teacher, aren't I? 29. There isn't any soccer violence in your country, is there? 30. He's got a very peculiar voice, hasn't he? 31. Oh, shut the door, will/would you? 32. Soho isn't a very nice area, is it? 33. You haven't got a pen by any chance, have you? 34. Let's take a break, shall we? 35.You don't like football, do you? 36. They're not exactly slim, are they? 37. Your brother can't drive, can he? 38. She's never loved her parents, has she? 39. It's extremely cold in Siberia in the winter, isn't it? 40. She's going to have a baby soon, isn't she? 41. Let's meet at 8, shall we? 42. Some people are really crazy, aren't they? 43. We're going to Bournemouth on Saturday, aren't we? 44. You'd like to win a fortune on the lottery, wouldn't you? 45. You've been working late again, haven't you? 46. The night bus service is very convenient, isn't it? 47. I've been teaching for sixteen years, haven't I? 48. You must be careful when you go to Rio de Janeiro, mustn't you? 49. It's been raining for days now, hasn't it? 50. I'm always right, aren't I? Back Please Note: This lesson was created and is owned by J. Morley (c) 2003. Noun Clause Practice Quiz 1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. My husband asked me where ________. a. is my car b. my car was c. my car is d. was my car e. is your car? 2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many _______________. a. cats does she have b. does she has cats c. she has cats d. cats she has e. cats has she 3. Do you know ____________ from the earth? I have no idea. a. how far the moon is b. how far is the moon c. how the moon is far d. if how far the moon is e. whether how is the moon far 4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what ____________ . a. is saying your brother b. that your brother is saying c. is saying your brother d. your brother is saying e. your brother says 5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said __________ give up. a. I shouldn't b. that shouldn't c. don't d. that I don't e. no 6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that ___________ with him. a. she come b. she came c. she had come d. she comes e. she has come 7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it ______________ ready by 5:00. a. is b. will be c. be d. was e. should be 8. Did he tell you where __________ the report when you finish? a. should you put b. you to put c. you put d. to put e. will you put 9. My friend predicted _____________ receive a lot praise for my work. a. that I would b. that I c. what would I d. what I e. me to 10. My friend saw an accident. He told me ____________ at the scene of the accident. a. if he'd seen b. what he saw c. what he'd seen d. whether he saw e. that he'd seen 11. Is it true all of the computers will shut down in the year 2,000? _______ is unbelievable! a. That all the computers could shut down b. All computers could shut down c. Due to the fact that all computers could shut down d. It is that all computers could shut down e. Shutting down of all computers 12. Can you tell me how to fix my computer? That depends on ____________ an old computer. a. have you b. whether you have c. that have you d. if have you e. about your having 13. Is it true __________ people are saying about Y2K? a. that what b. that c. if d. whether or not e. what 14. _______________ an old "date" chip is important. a. A computer has b. Does a computer c. If a computer have d. Whether or not a computer has e. Has a computer 15. What are you going to do with your old computer? Nothing! _________ is too expensive. a. That I want to do b. What I want to do c. That what I want to do d. What do I want to do e. If what I want to do Noun clauses connectors "what and that:" Quiz 2 Click the answer button to see the correct answer. 1. _________ he said to me was not important. A. that B. what 2. I know ____________ Hiroko has talked to Jun. A. that B. what 3. He doesn't remember __________ happened at the accident. A. that B. what 4. I heard ______________ there was a serious traffic accident on the corner of University Parkway and College Avenue. A. that B. what 5. ______________ we should do in the case of an earthquake should be an agenda item at the next City Council meeting. A. that B. what 6. _____________ we should keep a 72 hour emergency kit in case of an earthquake was a suggestion at the city council meeting. A. that B. what 7. I need to talk to you about ___________ John said to Mary at the party last Friday. A. that B. what 8. Everyone knows _____________ she said to him. A. that B. what 9. We know _____________ good love is always hard to find. A. that B. what 10. Friendship in a relationship is _______________ I seek. A. that B. what 11. It is unlikely _______________ we will have hurricanes in Southern California. A. that B. what 12. _____________ I do is not a concern of yours. A. that B. what 13. _______________ transpired at the game must be investigated if the police really want to understand the state of mind of the criminal. A. that B. what 14. ____________ Soumaya has successfully completed her MBA studies is not surprising because she has always been an exceptional student. A. that B. what 15. ____________ causes most teenage suicides remains a mystery to most professional counselors. A. that B. what 16. The soccer coach wanted to know ____________ problems caused her team to suffer their worst defeat in 75 years, a defeat bringing shame to the entire student body. A. that B. what 17. It is unfortunate _____________ the weather is so hot in the high desert. Otherwise, it would be the perfect place to live. A. that B. what 18. ___________ he had asked for is not what he would eventually get, which disappointed him immensely. A. that B. what 19. ______________ the U.S. possesses a nuclear arsenal is a well known military fact around the world. A. that B. what 20. _____________ we saw on TV was the most bizarre show I have ever seen. A. that B. what

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